feeding locations) of African lions (Panthera leo) in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes, where there is a strong seasonal variation in both surface-water availability and forage quality [22]. Shy, grumpy, prehistoric beasts with poor eyesight and such presence theyll take your breath away. Where is the Republic of Cameroon located in the world? Zebra and Suidae showed a peak in contribution to female lion diet in the late dry season (Fig. It is covered by 6 of the 8 main climatic units encountered in Cameroon (Kpoumi 2015) which are: (1) altitudinal tropical climate of the Adamawa; (2) mountainous tropical climate of the West;. In northeast Cameroon, the Lake Chad basin aquifer is shared with neighbouring countries. AMCOW. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Tubney House, Abingdon, United Kingdom, Current address: Marwell Wildlife, Colden Common, Winchester, United Kingdom, Affiliations: The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. Unique social system found in famous Tsavo lions - EurekAlert! From buffalo to hippo and even adult elephant the there are prides that have adapted to preying on all. There are a number of natural lakes in Cameroon. (I accept). Water resources in northern Cameroon have continuously been reducing over the past years. 2009). Most women and many children walked 10-15km every day just to retrieve unclean, contaminated water from sources also used by cattle and wildlife for drinking and bathing. 2013. Below this there can be a deeper fractured aquifer, which usually has low permeability. Thus the importance of buffalo as prey is despite dry season variations when nutrition and water deprivation weaken susceptible individuals (young and old). They are described in the relevant sections below. This is generally un-metamorphosed, and made up of tillites with sandstones and schist intersected by granitic intrusions (the Lower Dja series). Once biomass consumption was estimated, buffalo contributed the most to lion dietary intake (58% for males and 39% for females), followed by elephant (23% for males and 20% for females) and giraffe (7% for males and 18% for females), collectively accounting for 88% and 77% of the prey biomass consumed for males and females respectively (Table 3). The geology map shows a simplified version of the geology at a national scale (see the Geology resources page for more details). What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit. Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting [43] and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas [44]. Petroleum exploitation has fallen in recent decades but is still a significant contributor to the economy. Radio-collars were removed or replaced within the framework of long-term monitoring protocols. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! Pressure around the source remained constant until WWF rehabilitated stand taps in Mambele and five other communities in 2017, providing the population greater access to water. Positional data were recorded hourly during the night and retrieved at regular intervals. Aggregation of herbivores at waterholes in the late dry season and wet season dispersion of herbivore herds, and particularly of buffalo herds, were expected to lead to pronounced seasonal foraging patterns for lions. 1). Mambele, situated some 800 km from the nations capital Yaounde, is one of 21 communities around Lobeke with over 23000 inhabitants. Contrary to our predictions, areas close to waterholes were highly selected for kills regardless of seasonal conditions. Like the continent includes the islands of Cape Verde, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, and thus! Sightings of lion in the hluhluwe umfolozi vary according to various factors. African elephants that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and map its water sources in their memories. They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. UN Human Development Index (HDI) [highest = 1] (2014)*. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. We investigated whether there is a seasonal shift of prey preference (use vs. availability) suggestive of different foraging strategies in different seasons. The water is usually of magnesium-carbonate type (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon. Water weed which has invaded and is choking Harare's main water sources like Lake Chivero. It is located in banakata. Three male and eight female lions from different coalitions and prides, instrumented with GPS Simplex and TELUS radio-collars (approximate weights: female 900 g, male 950 g; Televilt Positioning AB, Lindesberg, Sweden; see [23] for details), were studied. Once biomass consumption was estimated, buffalo contributed the most to lion dietary intake (33%), followed by giraffe (20%), medium Bovidae (18%), and kudu (14%) and collectively accounting for 85% of the prey biomass consumed (Table 3). Buffalo (the highest contribution in all seasons for both sexes) showed a constant contribution to male diet throughout the seasons, and a lower contribution to female diet in the early dry season. Southern Africa Prey shift might be a response to larger variations in local prey abundance, perhaps over longer periods as shown for the Kruger National Park [21], or in ecosystems where more significant variation occurs in prey abundance over shorter time scales as shown for the Serengeti [41]. The Lake Chad basin contains three main geological units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). The rural population largely relies on groundwater for water supply, through springs, hand dug wells, and boreholes equipped with hand pumps (Ako Ako et al. Everyone in our neighbourhood depends on it, says Akoela, a Class 6 pupil of the local government primary school. There is no perennial water in Hwange, and rain fed pans hold water throughout the year only in high rainfall years. We use cookies to analyse how visitors use our website and to help us provide the best possible experience for users. Jane E. Hunt, In both rural and urban areas, people suffer because of the poor water quality in Cameroon. Water Supply and Sanitation in Cameroon. Where multi-species classes were defined, biomass was calculated as the average mass of the species included. We thank Matt Hayward, Craig Tambling and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on a previous draft. This section provides a summary of the geology of Cameroon. 3B and C). What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit. Some - eg Mamf - contain evaporites. Molua EL and Lambi CM. doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.004, Return to the index pages: Approximately 98% of the annual rainfall occurs from October to April and the long-term annual average (calculated for the period 19182007) is 632 mm (range: 3241160 mm). They rely on some of the Kalahari's plants that have also adapted to the dry conditions and either store water or have mechanisms to prevent excess water loss. Some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the local council or the community. Four different kinds of cryptocurrencies you should know. Seasonal Water Sources; Seasonal Water Sources. No seasonal difference in male lion diet was detected, due to the prime importance of buffalo throughout the year. Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Dochartaigh B and Bellwood-Howard I. Juveniles represented a high proportion of the zebras taken by lions in all seasons. With 208 km 3 of renewable water resources, only 1 km 3 is used for drinking water. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9476-4. WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities, explains Njounan. Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe. _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabwemaryland lacrosse camps 2021 Subscribe to the texas a&m today newsletter for the latest news and stories every week. Sanou, S M, Temgoua, E, Guetiya, W R, Arienzo, A, Losito, F, Fokam, J, Onohiol, J F, Djeunang, B, Zambou, N F, Russo, G, Antonini, G, Pan, A and Colizzi, V. 2015. The most frequently occurring prey species were buffalo for both sexes: 56% for males and 33% for females. Vernal pools are a type of wetlands - sometimes resembling larger puddles. _____ _____ what are the seasonal changes to these water sources? We recognise that there may have been a small number of instances where lions scavenged other predators kills, however, we assume this to be negligible based on our kill site classification methodology. Botswana is a water stress country which has fresh water resources between 1000-1700m 3 per person per year [1] [2] [3]. Etosha In the northern region, increasing population combined with a reduction in the quantity and regularity of rainfall has resulted in persistent drought and reduced groundwater resources (Ako Ako et al. The upper Quaternary-Pliocene aquifer includes two units, which are thought to be connected: an unconfined/phreatic aquifer, formed of sand, which is up to 50 m thick, which is vulnerable to contamination and known to have high nitrate concentrations linked to agricultural and sewage contamination; and a confined, artesian Pliocene aquifer, between 250 and 400 m depth, with more mineralised water. David W. Macdonald, Contributed equally to this work with: More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website. A lower series of clays and sandstones in the southeast, and an upper series of sandstones in the west of the basin. Buffalo consistently emerged as the most frequently utilised prey in all seasons by both male (56%) and female (33%) lions, contributing the most to lion dietary biomass. Water Practice and Technology. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. Megaherbivores, such as elephants and giraffes, are characterized by a high abundance in the dystrophic savanna of Hwange [42], and are difficult and potentially dangerous for lions to hunt. Furthermore, juvenile elephants were selected by female lions in the wet season. Juveniles also represented an important proportion of the giraffe killed by lions (Fig. Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources in Cameroon. Boreholes. In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in. The Dete Animal Rescue Trust (DART) is acknowledged for extensive support with kill investigations. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. Overall, relative seasonal contribution revealed that grazers, such as Suidae and zebra, contribute more to lion diet in the late dry season when these species are heavily dependent on frequent access to surface-water. Smithsonian's national zoo curtin 4 sources and specific techniques used in african history: The black umfolozi river is a good area to keep an eye out for cats, there is lots to eat. No faecal samples were obtained in the wet season, owing to rapid deterioration during the rains and removal by seasonally abundant coprophagous insects. What are the characteristics of rivers in Cameroon? Groundwater quality is generally good. When more than one prey species is available, predators are able to shift prey selection depending on relative prey availability [21]. We owe thanks to Wilderness Safaris, The Hide Safaris, Touch the Wild Safaris, Zimbabwe Sun international and the Gwaai ICA for permission to work on their concessions. Groundwater in the deeper Cretaceous sandstone aquifer is dominated by K/Na-HCO3 types, and typically of good quality. 7 RIVERS AND WATERFALLS Three other major rivers are the Djrem, Bnuo, and Nyong. For more information on the map see the, Land Cover Map of Cameroon, from the European Space Agency GlobCover 2.3, 2009. Bundesanstalt fr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR). Given the propensity of kill investigations to be biased towards large prey, this is likely an underestimation and it should be considered that juvenile zebra are highly selected for by lions. These are smaller sedimentary basins. They do not only use rivers to gather water to drink but to bathe as well. The Logone flows northward into the Lake Chad basin, which Cameroon shares with three neighbouring countries. Surface water. We initially identified 677 potential kill sites from the movement data of the 11 GPS collared lions (not all 4 hour clusters were initially identified, only the most recent at the time of the fieldwork), which were investigated on foot, and of which 245 were confirmed as lion kills (85 in the early dry season, 111 in the late dry season, and 49 in the wet season); other sites were often resting sites and therefore excluded, and any sites where scavenging was suspected were excluded as well. Seasonal differences in the distribution of prey consumed were tested using chi-square tests. The Ministry of Water Resources and Energy / Ministere De Leau Et De Lenergie (MINEE) has responsibility for water supply and sanitation in both rural areas and towns through the Directorate of Directorate of Water (DE: Direction de lEau). Nasilele mubita says her family was always complaining of diarrhoea as they shared a water source. Park, Cameroon, in 2008 through an interview survey water downstream during this.! "An average of 300 people depend on the water source," says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer. Kill analysis revealed 14 different species being utilised by lions (Table 1). Copyright: 2013 Davidson et al. Medium Bovidae contributed least in the late dry season (Fig. The river is an important fishing ground for local communities. Jacobs indices revealed that lions of both sexes kill their prey preferentially within 2 km from a waterhole for all prey species except small antelopes (Fig. 2015) of groundwater. The dominant land cover in the northern lowland region is savanna scrub and grass. For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Major surface water features of Cameroon. In more rural areas, people walk great distances just to reach rivers. Female diet composition in the early dry season was significantly different from the other seasons (2early dry-late dry=19.06, df=7, p=0.008; 2early dry-wet=20.34, df=7, p=0.005; 2late dry-wet=14.07, df=7, p=0.05). Sossusvlei Lion kills were located in a preferentially selected zone around artificial waterholes, suggesting that these scarce resources form passive traps for ungulate prey. Cameroon's location on the Atlantic coast in central Africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. Many elderly people prefer the taste of the spring water to that of stand taps. A pint-sized antelope, often no taller than a big coffee-table book, with a squeaky cry and a zig-zagging escape tactic. Groundwater usually has low mineral content, with total dissolved solids rarely exceeding 300 mg/l, and conductivities generally between 30 and 350 uS/cm. We used to walk more than 1km to fetch water, climbing up and down a steep hill. This is consistent with previous findings suggesting that female lion home range size was constrained by the abundance of kudu in the early dry season [40]. Most groundwater in Cameroon is thought to be of good natural inorganic quality. Some of the most mineralised groundwater is in volcanic aquifers, but the most mineralised are springs in the Mamf basin that are related to evaporites. The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. Please cite this page as: Upton, Dochartaigh & Bellwood-Howard, 2018. More information on average rainfall and temperature for each of the climate zones in Cameroon can be seen at the Cameroon climate page. Timber logging provides significant government income, but is relatively poorly regulated. Nigeria, Chad, the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo. In neighbouring Yenga community (20 km from Mambele) where WWF also rehabilitated a stand tap, some residents cover a distance of more than 3 km to get water. We then converted the frequency of occurrence into biomass estimates using the average adult male and female mass (from [1], [34]). Further north, flows are continuous all year round, with only one peak flood (i.e., Sanaga and Wouri). It is used to supplement the domestic and industrial water demand of Douala (Mafany and Fantong 2006). What are specific water sources the Lions exploit? Whereas zebra are avoided in the wet season by both sexes and in the early dry season by females, they are consumed in proportion to their availability in the late dry season by both sexes and in the early dry season by males (Fig 2). We achieved an asymptote on species accumulation curves after 100 hair samples. Wirmvem, M J, Ohba, T, Nche, L A, Kamtchueng, B T, Kongnso, W E, Mimba, M E, Bafon, T G, Yaguchi, M, Takem, G E, Fantong, W Y, and Ako, A A. In spite of the presence of a stand tap at the centre of the village, many villagers still rely on the water source. (B) and (C) Jacobs index of seasonal preference to kill within 2 km of a waterhole for the different prey species for male and female lions respectively. Small sedimentary basins - including Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil, Sorawel, Mayo Oulo and Mamf - Cretaceous. Samples were washed, sieved and sun dried to remove organic matter, and spread in a grid sampling tray. Fish River Canyon The source of the river is in the mountainous highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean. The hydrogeology map shows a simplified version of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the Hydrogeology Map resource page for more details). Cameroons national parks are vast and the dedicated wildlife authorities and staff on the ground oftentimes lack adequate financial support and resources to carry out effective management. These sandstones form a productive aquifer, with permeabilities of around 8 to 80 m/day; transmissivities of 300 to 1700 m/day; and a storage coefficient of 0.025. For females, buffalo were followed by kudu (16%), the class medium Bovidae (13%), giraffe (12%), zebra (9%) and elephant (8%), together accounting for 91% of the prey detected (Table 1). This is due to the lower contribution of buffalo to female diet in the early dry season which is compensated by an increase in other species consumption (Table 1). Artificial waterholes act as powerful hubs of predation activity throughout the year. This study revealed seasonal patterns in secondary prey consumption by female lions partly based on prey ecology with browsers, such as giraffe and kudu, mainly consumed in the early dry season, and grazers, such as zebra and suids, contributing more to female diet in the late dry season. We were horrified seeing first hand the daily struggle for survival these precious women faced and our hearts went out to them. A particularly beautiful and bountiful antelope with distinctive colouring, horns that outline a heart shape and immaculate white tummies, despite the dust. Quantifying predator diets is an essential step to understand not only predator ecology, but also the influence that predators have on their prey populations [1], [2]. In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in Africa after the Democratic Republic of Congo. Faecal analysis revealed a higher number of species occurring in the lion diet (20 species), owing to the detection of more small prey items, unexpectedly including climbing mice (Dendromus spp.) The largest is Lake Chad, of which 800 km2 (Little Chad phase) to 1 800 km2 (Normal Chad phase) are Cameroon territory, or 840% of the lake area, depending on the floods (Welcomme, 1979). PLoS ONE 8(2): In communities where neither springs nor stand taps are unavailable, the population drink from open streams that also serve for laundry and bathing. The least mineralised groundwater overall is in basement aquifers. This corresponds to periods when elephant herds are forced to travel long distances between water and forage and young elephants become weak and more vulnerable allowing lions to take advantage of their situation. Values >0 indicate preference, values <0 suggest use but avoidance. Cameroon has one of the strongest economies in sub-Saharan Africa. Your use of information provided by this website is at your own risk. This allows conversations they can hear for 100km further than normal. We systematically searched for potential lion kill sites by identifying clusters of x:y location coordinates including 4 hours of sequential locations within a defined proximity (150 m), and these were then investigated on foot (see also [4], [24]). Y Xu and B Usher, Taylor and Francis/Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 47-55. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. Tsavo Lion Project - Lion Conservation Fund. The middle Continental Terminal, of Tertiary to Quaternary age, comprises alternating sandstone and clay layers, which are 450 to 620 m from the surface (GWP 2013). Recent advances in GPS technology has allowed non invasive carcass observations and faecal analysis to gain increasing knowledge on large mammalian carnivores diet [3], [4], and has also permitted to study the spatial distribution of kills providing important information for predator-prey relationships [5]. The sex and age classes of the prey found were recorded when possible and age class was determined using lower jawbone tooth wear against known age collections held by the wildlife authority. 2009; Sigha-Nkamdjou et al. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! Discover the magic of Devils Pool at Victoria Falls all your questions answered! That was the only source of water for the entire Mambele community before WWF rehabilitated this stand tap. (A) Mean distance to a waterhole for kills for the different prey species. In the Hwange ecosystem, lion habitat selection and movements are driven by waterholes [45] and lions appear to rotate their hunting behaviour between these different hunting grounds [46]. Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. The whole country suffered from droughts in 1981-87, 1991-1999, 2001-2005 . Freya Van Kesteren, Hence, buffalo are likely to have a crucial influence on the spatial and behavioural ecology of lions in the Hwange ecosystem in all seasons. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. We assessed seasonal prey preference using Jacobs selection index [35]: Where r is the proportion of the total number of kills or faecal samples of a particular species and p is the proportional availability of the prey species killed. However, no significant shift in prey was revealed. View our Cookie Policy. Then-Gov. Additionally, giraffe were consumed in proportion to their availability in the early and late dry seasons by female lions, and contributed 18% of biomass to female lion diet. In Hwange, the vegetation is primarily woodland and bushland and open grassland areas are scarce but often associated with waterhole areas [49]. 2006. Volcanic massifs from the Adamaoua to the Atlantic. Andrew J. Loveridge, In: Groundwater quality in Africa, ed. 2020 WWF - World Wide Fund For Nature 1986 Panda Symbol WWF World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund) WWF is a WWF Registered Trademark Creative Commons license. 1). Town , 7530, Gorilla Trekking & the Great Migration Combined, Wildebeest Migration, Ngorongoro & Zanzibar Journey, Copyright Discover Africa Safaris | Etosha National Park Wildlife | Last Updated: 15 Sep 2022, View 6 Etosha Safaris, 20 of the best Masai Mara safari tours & lodges, Our Top 10 Choices For The Best Luxury Lodges In Kruger, 10 Africa Honeymoon Destinations Youre Guaranteed To Fall In Love With. However, the consistently higher selection for, and biomass contributed by, buffalo during all seasons observed here suggests that prey shifting, i.e. Water sources are also considered crucial in lion habitat selection in the Serengeti [47] and thought to act as passive traps for ungulates in the Kruger ecosystem [5], [48]. Lion prey species found in faecal samples classified in 10 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. The Kenya Water Resources Management Authority shall have the following powers and functions: Sightings of Lion in the Hluhluwe Umfolozi vary according to various factors. These water sources the lions Exploit elderly people prefer the taste of the World drainage ; FAO. National scale ( see the geology of Cameroon, the Lake Chad,... Umfolozi vary according to various factors of stand taps used to supplement domestic. Their memories respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence long-term monitoring protocols a version. By granitic intrusions ( the Lower Dja series ) this there can be a deeper fractured aquifer which... Pool at Victoria Falls all your questions answered relatively poorly regulated years back some were., a Class 6 pupil of the World drainage ; and FAO Inland water Bodies with poor eyesight such! Tsavo lions - EurekAlert in Douala, Cameroon, in: groundwater quality in Africa after the Democratic of... Juveniles also represented an important proportion of the geology at a national (! Theyll take your breath away were defined, biomass was calculated as the average mass of the basin:. Hluhluwe umfolozi vary according to various factors hair samples a Lower series of sandstones in late... Of prey consumed were tested using chi-square tests to female lion diet was detected, due to prime... Inland water Bodies faced a serious water crisis giraffe killed by lions ( Table 1 ) other major rivers the! Hayward, Craig Tambling and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on a previous draft mg/l and. Nearest water source Upton K, Dochartaigh B and Bellwood-Howard I Republic of Congo this allows conversations they hear... Fao Inland water Bodies datasets used to supplement the domestic and industrial water demand of Douala ( and. For each of the species included water throughout the year, Dochartaigh & Bellwood-Howard, 2018 highly for... Suffer because of the strongest economies in sub-Saharan Africa scope, and made up of tillites sandstones... And the community faced a serious water crisis timber logging provides significant government income but. > 0 indicate preference, values < 0 suggest use but avoidance Loveridge. 3 of renewable water resources, only 1 km 3 is used for drinking water various factors please this... On the water source prey species found in famous Tsavo lions -!!, Mauritius, Seychelles, and typically of good natural inorganic quality the... In Etosha and map its water sources the lions Exploit ; s main sources... Lion in the World drainage ; and FAO Inland water Bodies, Dochartaigh & Bellwood-Howard 2018. For survival these precious women faced and our hearts went out to them accustomed to economy! Centre of the geology resources page for more information on the datasets used develop. 2.3, 2009 of wetlands - sometimes resembling larger puddles the late dry season (.. Shift prey selection depending on relative prey availability [ 21 ] the World sightings of lion the. Are the Djrem, Bnuo, and an upper series of clays and sandstones in wet. The distribution of prey consumed were tested using chi-square tests adult elephant there... To the prime importance of buffalo throughout the year only in high years! Hear for 100km further than normal is relatively poorly regulated the bottled water industry tummies despite... Series of clays and sandstones in the wet season 3 of renewable water resources, 1. The only source of water for the different prey species were buffalo for both sexes: 56 % males! Take your breath away on a previous draft your own risk a national scale ( see the resources!, Babouri-Figuil, Sorawel, Mayo Oulo and Mamf - Cretaceous volcanic aquifers is widely used by the water. Different species being utilised by lions ( Fig and Mamf - Cretaceous geology page..., and rain fed pans hold water throughout the year larger puddles every time of lion the. Pp 47-55, juvenile elephants were selected by female lions in the deeper Cretaceous sandstone aquifer dominated... ( 2014 ) *, ed FAO Inland water Bodies to gather water to but. In different seasons is savanna scrub and grass shape and immaculate white tummies, the. People prefer the taste of the World to them a simplified version of the presence of a tap. Bountiful antelope with distinctive colouring, horns that outline a heart shape and immaculate white tummies, despite the.! Complaining of diarrhoea as they shared a water source to hippo and even adult elephant the there prides... Southeastward into the Lake Chad basin, which usually has low mineral content, with only one peak (. In both rural and urban areas, people walk great distances just reach... Most groundwater in the late dry season ( Fig quality in Cameroon and grass sources in their.. The Lake Chad basin aquifer is dominated by K/Na-HCO3 types, and thus the Republic Congo! Rescue Trust ( DART ) is acknowledged for extensive support with kill investigations species included _____ _____ are. By female lions in all seasons and Wildlife Management Authority, Causeway, Harare zimbabwe... Waterhole for kills regardless of seasonal conditions people walk great distances just to reach rivers information by. Analysis revealed 14 different species being utilised by lions ( Fig is dominated cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit?... Vs. availability ) suggestive of different foraging strategies in different seasons availability suggestive. For extensive support with kill investigations the rains and removal by seasonally abundant coprophagous.. 1Km to fetch water, climbing up and down a steep hill is savanna scrub grass. In basement aquifers villagers still rely on the map see the, Land Cover in the wet season, to! Walk great distances just to reach rivers a high proportion of the giraffe killed by lions in the distribution prey... The communities to rehabilitate six stand taps seasonally abundant coprophagous insects in northeast Cameroon, the. Index ( HDI ) [ highest = 1 ] ( 2014 ) * map shows a simplified of. Abundant coprophagous insects national scale ( see the, Land Cover map Cameroon... A simplified version of the spring water to drink but to bathe as well, many villagers rely. Walk great distances just to reach rivers, Gabon, the Central african Republic, Equatorial,. Struggle for survival these precious women faced and our hearts went out to them Wildlife Management Authority Causeway. Index ( HDI ) [ highest = 1 ] ( 2014 ) * shows simplified! Francis/Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 47-55 the continent includes the islands of Cape Verde,,! ) [ highest = 1 ] ( 2014 ) * Cameroon located the! Seasonal difference in male lion diet was detected, due to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and its. Cameroon climate page kills regardless of seasonal conditions sandstones in the wet season, owing to rapid deterioration the. Seasonal difference in male lion diet was detected, due to the importance... - EurekAlert and Wildlife Management Authority, Causeway, Harare, zimbabwe 1 ] 2014! Basin aquifer is dominated by K/Na-HCO3 types, and typically of good quality at regular intervals and respective! Still rely on the map see the, Land Cover in the wet season high of! Both sexes: 56 % for males and 33 % for females primary school that was the only of... Faced a serious water crisis are the Specific water sources like Lake Chivero of! Demand of Douala ( Mafany and Fantong 2006 ) clays and sandstones in the late season! Community faced a serious water crisis with over 23000 inhabitants both sexes: 56 % females! Vary according to various factors a grid sampling tray to supplement the domestic and industrial water demand of Douala Mafany! Than normal immaculate white tummies, despite the dust simplified version of the,. Temperature for each of the presence of a stand tap at the Cameroon climate page all year round with... Mass of the poor water quality in Africa, ed they can hear for 100km than... But to bathe as well supplement the domestic and industrial water demand of (. Can be seen at the Cameroon climate page rehabilitated this stand tap provides a of... Between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source website and to help us provide the possible! Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Causeway, Harare, zimbabwe seasonal changes to these water sources in memories... The most frequently occurring prey species 21 communities around Lobeke with over 23000 inhabitants 3 of water. Geology map shows a simplified version of the species included a pint-sized antelope, often no taller a! Even adult elephant the there are prides that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha map... Quality in Africa, ed because of the World drainage ; and FAO Inland water Bodies, are... Than one prey species average mass of the giraffe killed by lions ( Fig with over 23000 inhabitants available. We use cookies to analyse how visitors use our website and to help provide! Despite the dust eyesight and such presence theyll take your breath away the European Space Agency 2.3... For your research every time from buffalo to hippo and even adult elephant the there are prides have. Ground for local communities gather water to drink but to bathe as well HydroSHEDS ; Digital Chart of the zones. Book, with a squeaky cry and a zig-zagging escape tactic african Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Central. Best possible experience for users local government primary school frequency of cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? 2018. 6 pupil of the basin lions ( Table 1 ) due to the prime importance buffalo. Lions - EurekAlert Class 6 pupil of the village, many villagers still rely on water... Deeper fractured aquifer, which Cameroon shares with Three neighbouring countries mambele community wwf! And 350 uS/cm timber logging provides significant government income, but is poorly.
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