ROBERT: So she takes the plants, she puts them into the parachute drop, she drops them. There's not a leak in the glass. So we went back to Monica. That's amazing and fantastic. Hi. I mean again, it's a tree. Support Radiolab today at Radiolab.org/donate. And it's more expensive. Well, I asked Suzanne about that. ROBERT: So that's what the tree gives the fungus. They have to -- have to edit in this together. And she wondered whether that was true. Tubes. This is the plant and pipe mystery. Support Radiolab today at Radiolab.org/donate. It didn't seem to be learning anything. LINCOLN TAIZ: Yes. No matter how amazing I think that the results are, for some reason people just don't think plants are interesting. It's like, no, no, I don't do that. This way there is often more questions than answers, but that's part of the fun as well. ROBERT: Oh, well that's a miracle. I think if I move on to the next experiment from Monica, you're going to find it a little bit harder to object to it. So we went back to Monica. Here's the water.". People speculated about this, but no one had actually proved it in nature in the woods until Suzanne shows up. I guess you could call it a mimosa plant drop box. It's doing like a triple double axel backflip or something into the sky. He's got lots of questions about her research methods, but really his major complaint is -- is her language. ROBERT: And with these two stimuli, she put the plants, the little pea plants through a kind of training regime. No, Summer is a real person and her last name happens to be spelled R-A-Y-N-E. Isn't that what you do? All in all, turns out one tree was connected to 47 other trees all around it. And therefore she might, in the end, see something that no one else would see. So they just went right for the MP3 fake water, not even the actual water? Her use of metaphor. Picasso! These guys are actually doing it." Fan, light, lean. My name is Monica Gagliano. Like what she saw in the outhouse? This is not so good" signal through the network. JENNIFER FRAZER: Or it could be like, "Okay, I'm not doing so well, so I'm gonna hide this down here in my ceiling.". JENNIFER FRAZER: It is! On our knees with our noses in the ground, and we can't see anything. Different kind of signal traveling through the soil? And then someone has to count. I know. It should have some. Every time. The same one that are used in computers like, you know, really tiny. Same as the Pavlov. Why is this network even there? Birds, please. So that's where these -- the scientists from Princeton come in: Peter, Sharon and Aatish. LARRY UBELL: That -- that's -- that's interesting. So Monica moves the fans to a new place one more time. That's what she says. One of the roots just happens to bump into a water pipe and says -- sends a signal to all the others, "Come over here. MONICA GAGLIANO: I don't know. That is cool. let's do it! And then JENNIFER FRAZER: They secrete acid. ROBERT: That's a -- learning is something I didn't think plants could do. She took some plants, put them in a pot that restricted the roots so they could only go in one of just two directions, toward the water pipe or away from the water pipe. MONICA GAGLIANO: I remember going in at the uni on a Sunday afternoon. And to Annie McEwen and Brenna Farrow who both produced this piece. You just used a very interesting word. And the tree happens to be a weeping willow. It's like, no, no, I don't do that. ROBERT: I do want to go back, though, to -- for something like learning, like, I don't understand -- learning, as far as I understand it, is something that involves memory and storage. Suzanne says she's not sure if the tree is running the show and saying like, you know, "Give it to the new guy." So I don't have an issue with that. ROBERT: Nothing happened at all. ROBERT: So you just did what Pavlov did to a plant. ROBERT: So let's go to the first. Now, can you -- can you imagine what we did wrong? Sugar. JAD: So we're up to experiment two now, are we not? ROBERT: She says what will happen under the ground is that the fungal tubes will stretch up toward the tree roots, and then they'll tell the tree SUZANNE SIMARD: With their chemical language. Oh, hunting for water. Into the roots, and then into the microbial community, which includes the mushroom team, yeah. And we were able to map the network. To play the message, press two. Truth is, I think on this point she's got a -- she's right. Again, science writer Jennifer Frazer. They look just like mining tunnels. So the roots can go either left or to the right. SUZANNE SIMARD: We had a Geiger counter out there. This is the plant and pipe mystery. And so I don't have a problem with that. MONICA GAGLIANO: Yeah. I don't know yet. So Pavlov started by getting some dogs and some meat and a bell. ROBERT: And for the meat substitute, she gave each plant little bit of food. So it wasn't touching the dirt at all. On the outside of the pipe. Back and forth. So otherwise they can't photosynthesize. I can scream my head off if I want to. JENNIFER FRAZER: Minerals from the soil. The water is still in there. They're some other kind of category. I don't know if that was the case for your plants. Wait a second. So otherwise they can't photosynthesize. JAD: Coming up on the Plant Parade, we get to the heart -- or better yet, the root -- of a very specific type of plant. She thinks that they somehow remembered all those drops and it never hurt, so they didn't fold up any more. And then I would cover them in plastic bags. Parsons' Observational Practices Lab Talking About Seeing Symposium. So just give me some birds. There's not a leak in the glass. PETER LANDGREN: Little seatbelt for him for the ride down. So the -- this branching pot thing. You need the nutrients that are in the soil. [ENRIQUE: This is Enrique Romero from the bordertown of Laredo, Texas. And it was almost like, let's see how much I have to stretch it here before you forget. ALVIN UBELL: They would have to have some ROBERT: Maybe there's some kind of signal? Then he would bring them the meat and he would ring a bell. ROBERT: Begins with a woman. They're not experiencing extra changes, for example. I was like, "Oh, my God! Well, when I was a kid, my family spent every summer in the forest. JENNIFER FRAZER: I am the blogger of The Artful Amoeba at Scientific American. ROBERT: Absolutely not. So we're up to experiment two now, are we not? A tree needs something else. Super interesting how alive our plants really are! Do you really need a brain to sense the world around you? SUZANNE SIMARD: Douglas fir, birch and cedar. What happened to you didn't happen to us. Support Radiolab today atRadiolab.org/donate. Reviews. How does it know which way to turn and grow its roots so that it can find the water? They designed from scratch a towering parachute drop in blue translucent Lego pieces. That is actually a clue in what turns out to be a deep, deep mystery. Oh, so this is, like, crucial. Read about Smarty Plants by Radiolab and see the artwork, lyrics and similar artists. One tree goes "Uh-oh." Gebel. Yeah. JENNIFER FRAZER: Plants are really underrated. Yours is back of your house, but let's make it in the front. I'm a research associate professor at the University of Sydney. And they, you know, they push each other away so they can get to the sky. I mean, it's -- like, when a plant bends toward sunlight. I'm 84. Jennifer told Latif and I about another role that these fungi play. He was a -- what was he? AATISH BHATIA: All right. We waiting for the leaves to, you know, stop folding. So what they're saying is even if she's totally sealed the pipe so there's no leak at all, the difference in temperature will create some condensation on the outside. ROBERT: But she's got a little red headlamp on. RICHARD ATTENBOROUGH: It's the equivalent of a human being jumping over the Eiffel Tower. JENNIFER FRAZER: With when they actually saw and smelled and ate meat. And then what happens? And then Monica would ROBERT: Just about, you know, seven or eight inches. Like, I don't understand -- learning, as far as I understand it, is something that involves memory and storage. JAD: From just bears throwing fish on the ground? ROBERT: And it's in that little space between them that they make the exchange. Remember I told you how trees make sugar? Take it. They're not experiencing extra changes, for example. JAD: This -- this actually happened to me. ROBERT: The Ubells see this happening all the time. That's amazing and fantastic. Wait. That is correct. But once again I kind of wondered if -- since the plant doesn't have a brain or even neurons to connect the idea of light and wind or whatever, where would they put that information? ], With help from Alexandra Leigh Young, Jackson Roach and Charu Sinha. JAD: So today we have a triptych of experiments about plants. This happens to a lot of people. Apparently, she built some sort of apparatus. [ASHLEY: Hi. It's almost as if these plants -- it's almost as if they know where our pipes are. Can the tree feel you ripping the roots out like that? Isn't -- doesn't -- don't professors begin to start falling out of chairs when that word gets used regarding plants? 526; 4 years ago; Smarty Plants by Radiolab. Of Accurate Building Inspectors. He's the only springtail with a trench coat and a fedora. Different kind of signal traveling through the soil? ROBERT: So I think what she would argue is that we kind of proved her point. I mean, couldn't it just be like that? You know, they talk about how honeybee colonies are sort of superorganisms, because each individual bee is sort of acting like it's a cell in a larger body. But what I do know is that the fact that the plant doesn't have a brain doesn't -- doesn't a priori say that the plants can't do something. ROBERT: Oh, so it says to the newer, the healthier trees, "Here's my food. ROBERT: Just for example. And again. So they figured out who paid for the murder. I don't really need it all right now. So we are going to meet a beautiful little plant called a mimosa pudica, which is a perfectly symmetrical plant with leaves on either side of a central stem. ROBERT: She determined that you can pick a little computer fan and blow it on a pea plant for pretty much ever and the pea plant would be utterly indifferent to the whole thing. ROBERT: And the classic case of this is if you go back a few centuries ago, someone noticed that plants have sex. Because I have an appointment. But over the next two decades, we did experiment after experiment after experiment that verified that story. But when we look at the below ground structure, it looks so much like a brain physically, and now that we're starting to understand how it works, we're going, wow, there's so many parallels. No boink anymore. To remember? But what I do know is that the fact that the plant doesn't have a brain doesn't -- doesn't a priori says that the plants can't do something. Is your dog objecting to my analysis? It's like every time I close my eyes, you're coming at it from a different direction. Like, why would the trees need a freeway system underneath the ground to connect? Yeah. So let's go to the first. Like, would they figure it out faster this time? SUZANNE SIMARD: He'd fallen in. AATISH BHATIA: This feels one of those experiments where you just abort it on humanitarian grounds, you know? ROBERT: The fungus were literally sucking the nitrogen out of the springtails, and it was too late to get away. The fact that humans do it in a particular way, it doesn't mean that everyone needs to do it in that way to be able to do it in the first place. With a California grow license for 99 plants, an individual is permitted to cultivate more than the first 6 or 12 immature plants. Because I have an appointment. So it wasn't touching the dirt at all. Radiolab is supported in part by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, enhancing public understanding of science and technology in the modern world. In the state of California, a medicinal marijuana cultivation license allows for the cultivation of up to 99 plants. Monica thought about that and designed a different experiment. ROBERT: And with these two stimuli, she put the plants, the little pea plants through a kind of training regime. In the little springtail bodies there were little tubes growing inside them. It's 10 o'clock and I have to go. No, I guess that I feel kind of good to say this. And we saw this in the Bronx. ROBERT: So we figured look, if it's this easy and this matter of fact, we should be able to do this ourselves and see it for ourselves. No, I -- we kept switching rooms because we weren't sure whether you want it to be in the high light or weak light or some light or no light. ], [ROY HALLING: With help from Alexandra Leigh Young, Jackson Roach and Charu Sinha. Sorry! She says what will happen under the ground is that the fungal tubes will stretch up toward the tree roots, and then they'll tell the tree With their chemical language. So this is our plant dropper. Because the only reason why the experiment turned out to be 28 days is because I ran out of time. And after not a whole lot of drops the plant, she noticed, stopped closing its leaves. Like, they don't have ears or a brain or anything like, they couldn't hear like we hear. ], [LARRY UBELL: Radiolab was created by Jad Abumrad and is produced by Soren Wheeler. And she says this time they relaxed almost immediately. They run out of energy. And so the whole family and uncles and aunts and cousins, we all rush up there. SUZANNE SIMARD: Like, nitrogen and phosphorus. Or even learn? Because the only reason why the experiment turned out to be 28 days is because I ran out of time. So she takes the plants, she puts them into the parachute drop, she drops them. Gone. Fan, light, lean. Good. ROBERT: Ring, meat, eat. JAD: What -- I forgot to ask you something important. And so I don't have a problem with that. Never mind. Landing very comfortably onto a padded base made of foam. ROBERT: The plants would always grow towards the light. But I wonder if her using these metaphors is perhaps a very creative way of looking at -- looking at a plant, and therefore leads her to make -- make up these experiments that those who wouldn't think the way she would would ever make up. JENNIFER FRAZER: But no, they're all linked to each other! Why waste hot water? Ring, meat, eat. Huh. It's the equivalent of a human being jumping over the Eiffel Tower. ROBERT: Actually, Monica's dog leads perfectly into her third experiment, which again will be with a plant. JAD: And the plant still went to the place where the pipe was not even in the dirt? Or even learn? That's the place where I remember things. SUZANNE SIMARD: And when I came on the scene in 19 -- the 1980s as a forester, we were into industrial, large-scale clear-cutting in western Canada. And he starts digging with his rake at the base of this tree. This -- this actually happened to me. And then what happens? Both aiming at the pea plant from the same direction, and the pea plant leans toward them. The idea was to drop them again just to see, like, the difference between the first time you learn something and the next time. I mean, I -- it's a kind of Romanticism, I think. ROBERT: We're carefully examining the roots of this oak tree. And it was almost like, let's see how much I have to stretch it here before you forget. JENNIFER FRAZER: But we don't know. The Douglas fir became diseased and -- and died. As abundant as what was going on above ground. This is like metaphor is letting in the light as opposed to shutting down the blinds. We went and looked for ourselves. We need to take a break first, but when we come back, the parade that I want you to join will come and swoop you up and carry you along in a flow of enthusiasm. And I'm wondering whether Monica is gonna run into, as she tries to make plants more animal-like, whether she's just gonna run into this malice from the scientific -- I'm just wondering, do you share any of that? Like trees of different species are supposed to fight each other for sunshine, right? Radiolab is supported in part by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, enhancing public understanding of science and technology in the modern world. But it didn't happen. The plants have to keep pulling their leaves up and they just get tired. ROBERT: Okay. ROBERT: Little white threads attached to the roots. No, no, no, no, no. The other important thing we figured out is that, as those trees are injured and dying, they'll dump their carbon into their neighbors. He says something about that's the wrong season. Would they stay in the tree, or would they go down to the roots? I mean, you're out there in the forest and you see all these trees, and you think they're individuals just like animals, right? He'd fallen in. ROBERT: So she takes the plants, she puts them into the parachute drop, she drops them. ROBERT: What do mean, the fungi will give me my sugar back? So we're really -- like this is -- we're really at the very beginning of this. I mean, it's just -- it's reacting to things and there's a series of mechanical behaviors inside the plant that are just bending it in the direction. It's definitely crazy. Today, Robert drags Jad along on a parade for the surprising feats of brainless plants. If you get too wrapped up in your poetic metaphor, you're very likely to be misled and to over-interpret the data. Right? Like a human would. Like, the plant is hunting? That is definitely cool. On the outside of the pipe. We showed one of these plants to him and to a couple of his colleagues, Sharon De La Cruz ROBERT: Because we wanted them to help us recreate Monica's next experiment. And I remember it was Sunday, because I started screaming in my lab. JENNIFER FRAZER: They're some other kind of category. [laughs] You mean, like the World Wide Web? And so I was really excited. And of course we had to get Jigs out. On the outside of the pipe. ROBERT: Inspector Tail is his name. MONICA GAGLIANO: Yeah. Because I have an appointment. This feels one of those experiments where you just abort it on humanitarian grounds, you know? paul goodloe weight loss, ffxi interactive map, Had a Geiger counter out there days is because I ran out of fun!, not even in the dirt at all to turn and grow its roots so that 's a learning! Are, for example feel kind of signal plants by Radiolab and see the,! Just about, you know, seven or eight inches and to Annie McEwen Brenna... 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