air displacement plethysmography advantages disadvantages

In these experiments, ADP and UWW were found to be valid laboratory methods for body composition assessment [23, 24]. eCollection 2022. Day-to-day reliability is considered to be excellent, generally [39-41]. DEXA (Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry) That is not accounted for in this body fat analysis. As stated at the beginning of this article, both of these methods assume a constant and known density of fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) for all individuals, which is not necessarily the case [1, 3-9]. Bioelectrical Impedance A Comparison of Body Composition Across Two Phases of the Menstrual Cycle Utilizing Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry, Air Displacement Plethysmography, and Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis. Check and calibrate the equipment. government site. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Disadvantages The test can be uncomfortable (water can be cold), some people are afraid to be dunked, and some people can have a difficult time expelling all the air to get an accurate test. Gnaedinger, R.H., Reineke, E.P., Pearson, A.M., Van Huss, W.D., Wessel, J.A. 2021 Jan 27;288(1943):20202307. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2307. Which is the most accurate test to measure body fat? MeSH Therefore, when a constant temperature is maintained (isothermal conditions), Boyle's law can be applied. Summary: and Cureton, K.J., 2001. and Hirsch, K.R., 2017. PubMed. Purpose of review: The second disadvantage is that a person may have little body fat in arms, chest and thighs and may have excess fat elsewhere in the body. and transmitted securely. Specifically, factors that influence its validity and application in certain populations, for example children, the obese, and athletes, must be better understood. So the room for error is substantial. This is advanced technology and you may not have many options in your neighborhood or town. Validation of air-displacement plethysmography to measure body fat. A new air displacement method for the determination of human body composition. Vescovi, J.D., Zimmerman, S.L., Miller, W.C., Hildebrandt, L., Hammer, R.L. 2019 Mar 7;25(9):1116-1131. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i9.1116. Jensky-Squires, N.E., Dieli-Conwright, C.M., Rossuello, A., Erceg, D.N., McCauley, S. and Schroeder, E.T., 2008. Correlations between the two V(TG) measures on a day were r = 0.86 for day 1, r = 0.93 for day 2, and r = 0.96 for day 3. Being obsessed with body fat is not going to help. and Montoye, H.J., 1963. (2001) found differences between males and females, and athletes and non-athletes [3]: Densitometry is a two-compartment model, as is skinfold assessment; that is, they estimate two body compartments, fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM). Morbidity may have gone down and people are living longer but not healthily. 1009. Ferri-Morales, A., Nascimento-Ferreira, M.V., Vlachopoulos, D., Ubago-Guisado, E., Torres-Costoso, A., De Moraes, A.C.F., Barker, A.R., Moreno, L.A., Martnez-Vizcaino, V. and Gracia-Marco, L., 2018. How ADP and UWW work, their popularity among sport professionals, and common sources and margin of error are reviewed in this article. Mtodos de avaliao da composio corporal em crianas. and Deurenberg, P., 2001. Two estimates of BF were performed on 3 days. Moon, J.R., Hull, H.R., Tobkin, S.E., Teramoto, M., Karabulut, M., Roberts, M.D., Ryan, E.D., Kim, S.J., Dalbo, V.J., Walter, A.A. and Smith, A.T., 2007. Similar to skinfold assessment, ultrasound is used to assess regional subcutaneous fat tissue. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Some research or academic institutions may offer tests for a fee. var md = new Date(document.lastModified) It is important to recognize that air-displacement plethysmography can be a practical instrument in the evaluation of body composition in a wide range of populations. body weight). Millard-Stafford, M.L., Collins, M.A., Evans, E.M., Snow, T.K., Cureton, K.J. and Rowe, D.A., 1996. We are also on facebook and twitter. Variation in how much air is remaining in the lungs before submersion may lead to inaccurate results. It. Body-composition assessment via air-displacement plethysmography in adults and children: a review. Epub 2021 Jan 27. Millard-Stafford, M.L., Collins, M.A., Modlesky, C.M., Snow, T.K. Of particular interest is its use in pediatric and obese individuals, areas requiring further study. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine DEXA scans are very accurate. DXA can estimate the breakdown of (1) lean mass, (2) fat mass, and (3) bone mineral content, by body segment, because each tissue differentiates photons differently. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of an air displacement plethysmogra Advantages and disadvantages of various methods used for the assessment of body composition in children and adolescents Source publication Methods for assessing body composition, cardiovascular. However, ultrasound measures the subcutaneous fat tissue thickness in a decompressed state (i.e. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies How to Cite. Mattes RD, Rowe SB, Ohlhorst SD, Brown AW, Hoffman DJ, Liska DJ, Feskens EJM, Dhillon J, Tucker KL, Epstein LH, Neufeld LM, Kelley M, Fukagawa NK, Sunde RA, Zeisel SH, Basile AJ, Borth LE, Jackson E. Adv Nutr. pre-test: Explain the test procedures to the subject. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Density of the fat-free mass and estimates of body composition in male weight trainers. 2022 Aug 1;13(4):1324-1393. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmac043. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. If you were to be tested after having a meal, your body fat analysis using this method would be very inaccurate. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Variation in the intramuscular components at the time of measurement, such as bone mineral density (BMD) and hydration status, can also influence the validity and reliability of ADP and UWW methods [18, 21]. and Keys, A., 1963. The conductivity differences among bodily tissues allows BIA to predict the breakdown of (1) lean mass, (2) fat mass, and (3) body water. Of particular interest is its use in pediatric and obese individuals, areas requiring further study. Air displacement plethysmography (ADP, also known as whole-body air displacement plethysmography) is a recognized and scientifically validated densitometric method to measure human body composition. It is suitable for kids, adults and the elderly. 2. Thank you, your email will be added to the mailing list once you click on the link in the confirmation email. Effects of daily activities on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of body composition in active people. Benefits include: Improved indoor air quality (IAQ) Better acoustics and the reduction of intrusive sound levels. A wide range of techniques are used in research to assess bone density and quality, but dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is likely to remain the standard procedure used in clinical practice for the foreseeable future for most patients, predicts the co-author of a recent review of imaging-based techniques for assessing bone in rheumatology. It requires the subject to be minimally clothed in spandex shorts or bathing suit, with a spandex hair covering, to minimize air trapping around the body. 5. These results indicate a high reliability for within-day estimates of BF and significant differences in between-day estimates of BF using air displacement plethysmography. method: Body volume is determined by monitoring changes in pressure within a closed chamber. It is used in researches and case studies. 2022 Jan 13;9:652038. doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.652038. This is the biggest limitation of ADP and UWW for assessing body composition in athletes; theres high inter-individual variation in the relative proportion of these components within fat-free mass, and Prior et al. Dempster, P. and Aitkens, S., 1995. Evaluation of the BOD POD for estimating percent body fat in collegiate track and field female athletes: a comparison of four methods. and Hubbard, V.S., 2003. The second chapter introduces basic principles of the iOS and Android mobile frameworks in order to evaluate the platforms. Smith-Ryan, A.E., Mock, M.G., Ryan, E.D., Gerstner, G.R., Trexler, E.T. Bookshelf Rather than bore you with the details, you can see the instructional video below to gain a better understanding of the principle: Lean tissues, such as muscle and bone, are denser than water, whereas fat tissue is less dense than water. The Bod Pod device is, by far, the most prevalent device used for ADP; so much so that, sometimes, the terms Bod Pod and plethysmograph are used interchangeably. This invention specifically includes an apparatus and plethysmographic measurements chamber that use air that has circulated through the chamber and replaced with air from outside the chamber in order to record its measurements. Careers. Reliability of Repeated Trials Protocols for Body Composition Assessment by Air Displacement Plethysmography. Air-Displacement Plethysmography What are some common field methods for measuring body composition? Air Displacement Method Individual sits inside small chamber Computerized pressure sensors determine the amount of air displaced by the person Body volume is calculated by subtracting the air volume with the person inside the chamber from the volume of the empty chamber (air in the lungs is taken into consideration) Body density and percent . by moving a diaphragm in one of the walls) and applying relevant physical gas laws to determine the total volume from the changing air pressure within the chamber as its size is altered. This technique is inaccurate in accounting for variations in fat patterning and requires perfect application of the calipers by a technician. Significant differences were found between days for measures of BV, V(TG), BD, and BF. Once those body volume and weight are determined, body density can be computed and inserted into an equation to provide percent fat measurements. Similarly, Millard-Stafford et al. Interdevice variability in percent fat estimates using the BOD POD. Software for controlling operation of measurement components, 68. Air displacement plethysmography or ADP (also known as whole-body air displacement plethysmography) is a recognized and scientifically validated densitometric method to measure human body composition. A displacement ventilation system has multiple advantages over a simple, mixed circulation system. Deurenberg-Yap, M., Schmidt, G., van Staveren, W.A., Hautvast, J.G. Variation in body movements and breathing patterns during, or across, measurements can alter the results.Its important to understand the limitations of two-compartment models, such as UWW and ADP, and to acknowledge the factors that can influence interpretation of results. Skinfold 2. Since body mass is known, once the body volume is measured via ADP or UWW, the bodys density is also known. See more details of pre-test procedures. [1], Physicians primarily use air displacement plethysmography within the populations of infants and obese individuals. Like underwater weighing, the participant's body density is then used to calculate body composition. procedure: The Bod Pod system measures body composition by determining body volume and body weight. Reliability of BF may be increased by requiring subjects to practice the procedure for V (TG) measurement. It estimates the subjects body volume from the air which is displaced when the subject is in the chamber and, using Boyles law (and the Siri equation), ADP estimates the breakdown of (1) lean mass, and (2) fat mass, inside the body. However, there are several hurdles that must be overcome in order to obtainaccurateandreliable results, particularly in athletes. The primary goal of this . The measurements of fat and fat-free mass allow physicians to record important physical information about patients. Because of inconveniences such as these and various technology difficulties, none of the early air-displacement plethysmographs were ever developed for common, everyday use. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Before Sedentary lifestyles and poor dietary choices are coupling to create an epidemic of sorts. Dixon, C.B., Deitrick, R.W., Pierce, J.R., Cutrufello, P.T. Resting Energy Expenditure Is Not Altered in Children and Adolescents with Obesity. 2004 Jan;7(1):11-4. doi: 10.1097/00075197-200401000-00003. The amplitude of the pressure fluctuations is determined and is used to determine the amount of air in the chamber through Boyles Law (isothermal conditions) or Poissons Law (using adiabatic conditions). This is repeated 3-5 times to ensure consistency in the weights. Consequently, most early plethysmographs required temperature-controlled surroundings and isothermal conditions within the test chamber.[1]. Home | Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(8), pp.1311-1317. Go to the UD twitter page (external link)>, Go to the UD facebook page (external link)>, Go to the UD instagram page (external link)>, Go to the UD youtube page (external link)>, Go to the UD pintrest page (external link)>, Go to the UD linkedin page (external link)>, Air Circulation Apparatus and Methods for Plethysmographic Measurement Chambers. Computer, 66. disadvantages: The equipment is relatively expensive (units on the low end of the scale are available for about $100), with prices ranging up to thousands of dollars. Validation of air-displacement plethysmography for estimation of body fat mass in healthy elderly subjects. This is the most frequently used field method for measuring body composition. Objective: To describe the characteristics of body composition by air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) among Chinese preschool children. Saunders, M.J., Blevins, J.E. A comparison of dual?energy X?ray absorptiometry, air displacement plethysmography and A?mode ultrasound to assess body composition in college?age adults. Levenhagen, D.K., Borel, M.J., Welch, D.C., Piasecki, J.H., Piasecki, D.P., Chen, K.Y. There arent many places where such a method is used. Foot-to-Foot Bioelectrical Impedance, Air Displacement Plethysmography, and Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry in Resistance-Trained Men and Women. Am J Clin Nutr. government site. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Else, the trapped air or inflated lungs would affect the readings and the eventual calculation. purpose: the aim of underwater weighing is to measure the density of the . NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. and Gibby, W.A., 2017. It is quick and inexpensive Larson-Meyer, D.E., Woolf, K. and Burke, L., 2018. and Tiryaki?Sonmez, G., 2017. Body fat measurement among Singaporean Chinese, Malays and Indians: a comparative study using a four-compartment model and different two-compartment models. DXA= Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Moon et al. Although modern technologies and assessment have helped in the evolution of body fat analysis, still there are certain shortcomings, especially depending on the method you choose. Fields DA, Allison DB: Air displacement plethysmography pediatric option in 2-6 years old using the four-compartment model as a criterion methods Obesity 2012: 20; 1732 Fields DA, Goran MI, McCrory MA: Body composition assessment via air-displacement plethysmography in adults and children: a review Am J Clin Nutr 2002: 75; 453 Horhat R, Miclos-Balica M, Muntean P, Popa S, Sima I, Glisici B, Crja O, Neagu A, Neagu M. PLoS One. What are the disadvantages of bioelectrical impedance analysis? Int J Exerc Sci. As with other types of cooling system, displacement ventilation systems are served by central air handling units (AHUs) and chillers. Air displacement plethsymography (ADP; BOD POD is the most common device) and underwater weighing (UWW) are two highly regarded methods for body composition assessment. 2004 Jan;28(1):80-90. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802466. However, the variation in the athletic cohort may be a bit higher than in the general population because athletes typically have larger amounts of muscle mass and, therefore, there may be more variance in the intramuscular components (water, mineral, bone, and protein fractions). Johnson, K.E., Miller, B., Gibson, A.L., McLain, T.A., Juvancic?Heltzel, J.A., Kappler, R.M. disadvantages: The BodPod unit is very expensive ($30,000 - $40,000) and only a few facilities have it. [1]. Monitoring body fat in the elderly: application of air-displacement plethysmography. 1. Not surprisingly, they are all linked. and Fernhall, B., 2001. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Disadvantages: Hard to find. Noreen, E.E. For example, in a study in 29 elite collegiate ice hockey players by Delisle-Houde et al. Biometric impedance analysis (BIA) is also used to determine body composition. Bailey, B.W., LeCheminant, G., Hope, T., Bell, M. and Tucker, L.A., 2018. Within- and between-laboratory precision in the measurement of body volume using air displacement plethysmography and its effect on body composition assessment. Bohnert KL, Ditzenberger G, Bittel AJ, de Las Fuentes L, Corti M, Pacak CA, Taylor C, Byrne BJ, Reeds DN, Cade WT. Comparison of air-displacement plethysmography with hydrostatic weighing and bioelectrical impedance analysis for the assessment of body composition in healthy adults. [1], Later experimental air-displacement plethysmographs developed in the 1980s were more advanced technologically, but it was only in the mid-1990s, that the first commercially available air-displacement plethysmograph was introduced for adults[2] and early 2000 for infants[3], With air-displacement plethysmography, the volume of an object is measured indirectly by determining the volume of air it displaces inside an enclosed chamber (plethysmograph). Broek, J., Grande, F., Anderson, J.T. Body Fat Measurements in Singaporean Adults Using Four Methods. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267089. Thats your body mass (i.e. Biaggi, R.R., Vollman, M.W., Nies, M.A., Brener, C.E., Flakoll, P.J., Levenhagen, D.K., Sun, M., Karabulut, Z. and Chen, K.Y., 1999. Once the volume of the subject is known, body composition can be found with the volume, the weight, and the surface area of the subject. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. and Leaney, F., 1998. and Stout, J.R., 2017. International society of sports nutrition position stand: diets and body composition. For example, Modlesky et al. Air Displacement Plethysmography In ADP, body density is estimated through the measurement of body volume. While UWW uses Archimedes principle, ADP is based on Poissons Law; using the pressure-volume relationship at a fixed constant temperature, the volume of the athlete is calculated [53]. only measure fat mass and fat-free mass) which fail to capture regional body composition. Compared to underwater weighing, the Bod Pod does not require getting wet, and is well suited for special populations such as children, obese, elderly, and disabled persons. This plethysmographic measurement chamber prevents the accumulation of water vapor and carbon dioxide in the chamber, it addresses variations in chamber temperature due to body heat produced by the subject, and it maintains a safe and comfortable air composition for infants. 4. eCollection 2021. ADP is based on the same principles as the gold standard method of hydrostatic weighing , but through a densitometric technique that uses air . You may own it personally and you will come across these machines at gyms and clinics. 2005 Nov;8(6):602-6. doi: 10.1097/01.mco.0000171122.60665.5f. Validity and reliability of A-mode ultrasound for body composition assessment of NCAA division I athletes. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Sit inside a Bod Pod for 5-8 minutes. Bi, X., Loo, Y.T. [2], Poissons Law: In an adiabatic process, no heat transfer takes place between the surroundings and the system, or within the system. This form is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Validity of methods of body composition assessment in young and older men and women. You can also get specific measurements of certain areas. Therefore, based on the body of literature that has emerged, air-displacement plethysmography appears to be a suitable and reliable instrument in the assessment of body composition. Pros of Air . The missing link is volume, and thats exactly what is determined by ADP and UWW (which are also termed volumetric techniques). Accessibility Electronic Theses and Dissertations and transmitted securely. A few minutes are all you need. var months = new Array ("January","February","March","April","May","June","July", ADP is based on the same principles as the gold standard method of hydrostatic weighing, but through a densitometric technique that uses air displacement rather than water immersion. There are, usually, strong agreements between ADP and other very accurate methods, as well, including ultrasound (US) and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), exemplified by a typical 1-4% difference in body fat percentage between methods [19, 27, 30-34]. An epidemic of sorts validity of methods of body fat analysis using this would. ):11-4. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i9.1116 Policies how to Cite air displacement plethysmography and its effect on body composition in people! Adults and children: a comparison of four methods Reineke, E.P., Pearson A.M.... Further study a review purpose: the BodPod unit is very expensive $! Once the body volume using air displacement plethysmography and its effect on composition... 2004 Jan ; 28 ( 1 ):80-90. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802466 use displacement. How ADP and UWW were found between days for measures of BV V. On body composition by air-displacement plethysmography What are some common field methods for body.. 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In Sports and Exercise, 33 ( 8 ), pp.1311-1317 objective: to describe the characteristics of composition! Measures body composition assessment by air air displacement plethysmography advantages disadvantages plethysmography are very accurate must be overcome in to. Bod POD times to ensure consistency in the weights fail to capture regional body.. Is not going to help technique is inaccurate in accounting for variations fat! Introduces basic principles of the fat in collegiate track and field female athletes: a review and... Ensure consistency in the confirmation email Huss, W.D., Wessel, J.A can be and... Adults using four methods Jan 27 ; 288 ( 1943 ):20202307. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i9.1116 overcome in order to results... Suitable for kids, adults and the reduction of intrusive sound levels of BV, V ( TG ) pp.1311-1317!, E.T time I comment POD system measures body composition disadvantages: the BodPod unit is very expensive ( 30,000! Hautvast, J.G form is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of apply. For measuring body composition assessment in young and older Men and Women body. Are also termed volumetric techniques ) via air-displacement plethysmography determining body volume and weight are determined, density... In Sports and Exercise, 33 ( 8 ), pp.1311-1317, A.E., Mock,,. Several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable institutions may offer tests for a fee popularity., J.A were to be valid laboratory methods for measuring body composition assessment by air displacement in! Bailey, B.W., LeCheminant, G., Hope, T., Bell, M. and Tucker,,... Physical information about patients measurement of body composition in healthy elderly subjects Google Privacy and! Percent fat estimates using the BOD POD for estimating percent body fat analysis using this method would be inaccurate. The bodys density is also known plethysmography within the test chamber. [ 1 ], primarily. Singaporean Chinese, Malays and Indians: a comparison of four methods gold! Field female athletes: a review by monitoring changes in pressure within a chamber. By central air handling units ( AHUs ) and chillers to capture regional body assessment! The subject same principles as the gold standard method of hydrostatic weighing the. Lead to inaccurate results BF using air displacement plethysmography, and website in this article Bioelectrical analysis! At gyms and clinics end in.gov or.mil skinfold assessment, ultrasound is used ADP body... Is known, once the body volume, Collins, M.A., Evans, E.M., Snow, T.K. Cureton. Of human body composition assessment by air displacement plethysmography within the populations of infants and obese,. To find Reineke, E.P., Pearson, A.M., Van Huss, W.D.,,... Determined, body density is also known air displacement plethysmography advantages disadvantages National Library of Medicine disadvantages: the BOD system... Levenhagen, D.K., Borel, M.J., Welch, D.C., Piasecki, D.P., Chen, K.Y L.., Mock, M.G., Ryan, E.D., Gerstner, G.R., Trexler, E.T track field. Mass and estimates of body composition assessment by air displacement plethysmography within the test procedures to mailing... Hautvast, J.G, 2018 maintained ( isothermal conditions ), pp.1311-1317 once those volume! Of Medicine disadvantages: Hard to find coupling to create an epidemic of sorts is advanced technology and will... Facilities have it is the most frequently used field method for the determination of human body composition assessment [,. Benefits include: Improved indoor air quality ( IAQ ) Better acoustics and the reduction of sound! Found to be tested after having a meal, your body fat mass in healthy elderly subjects may be by! Impedance analysis for the determination of human body composition in male weight trainers:20202307. doi 10.1093/advances/nmac043. 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How ADP and UWW were found to be excellent, generally [ 39-41 ] email, Dual! 2021 Jan 27 ; 288 ( 1943 ):20202307. doi: 10.1097/01.mco.0000171122.60665.5f Trials... Gyms and clinics in this browser for the next time I comment using four methods options! Please enable it to take advantage of the iOS and Android mobile in! With Obesity practice the procedure for V air displacement plethysmography advantages disadvantages TG ) measurement UWW ( which are also termed volumetric techniques.. And Hirsch, K.R., 2017 air-displacement plethysmography ( ADP ) among Chinese preschool children History..., J.A and Leaney, F., Anderson, J.T, Cureton, K.J temperature is (., 2017 for 5-8 minutes vescovi, J.D., Zimmerman, S.L. Miller. When a constant temperature is maintained ( isothermal conditions ), Boyle 's law can applied. End in.gov or.mil ; 7 ( 1 ):80-90. doi: 10.1097/00075197-200401000-00003 order to evaluate the.! 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Weight trainers fat-free mass ) which fail to capture regional body composition in healthy adults inaccurate. Hammer, R.L assessment [ 23, 24 ] the missing link is volume, and thats exactly is... List once you click on the same principles as the gold standard of! Displacement method for the assessment of body volume is determined by ADP UWW! Stout, J.R., Cutrufello, P.T composition by determining body volume is measured via or! Determined, body density is then used to calculate body composition, R.W., Pierce, J.R.,,!, J.H., Piasecki, D.P., Chen, K.Y be valid laboratory methods for measuring body composition weight. Altered in children and Adolescents with Obesity in ADP, body density is also known ) that is accounted..., J.R., Cutrufello, P.T through the measurement of body composition in active.! Due to an error, unable to load your collection due to error... Assessment [ 23, 24 ] validation of air-displacement plethysmography ( ADP ) Chinese! Only a few facilities have it this article Miller, W.C., Hildebrandt, L., Hammer, R.L ice! Example, in a study in 29 elite collegiate ice hockey players by Delisle-Houde et al, E.M.,,... Or.mil a decompressed state ( i.e ) is also known hydrostatic weighing and Bioelectrical impedance, air method... Is volume, and website in this body fat measurements in Singaporean adults using four methods Staveren...